Anatomy and physiology of the human body Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and physiology of the human body Essay Each week, the discussion questions will examine issues in the reading. This thread is meant to foster a better understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body and how that knowledge is applied to in real life situations. Discussion responses should be on topic, original, and contribute to the quality of the discussion by making frequent informed references to lesson material. Initial discussion responses should be around 100 words; responses to your classmates or instructor should be around 75 words. Make two or more responses to classmates that are thoughtful and that advance the discussion of each topic. Your initial response is to be made no later than Saturday 11:59 PM of the current unit. Additional responses are to be made no later than Tuesday 11:59 PM of the current unit. Your posts are to be substantive, referenced and free of grammatical and spelling errors. When you are ready, respond to one of the topics below. Please be sure to specify which topic you are responding to. 1. Discuss the different types of blood vessels and how their structure is uniquely suited to their functions. 2. Choose a major region of the body (for example, the thorax) and discuss the arteries and veins of that region. 3. Discuss the positive and possible negative effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system. 4. Identify and discuss the primary factors involved in the generation and regulation of blood pressure and explain the relationships among these factors. 5. Explain why a pressure difference must exist between the aorta and the right atrium. 6. Explain hepatic portal circulation. How is it different from normal circulation, and what advantages are gained from this type of circulation? This is a fun topic for a fitness trainer. The cardiovascular system is complex, but it’s even more complex when you start to factor in exercise while explaining it. Aerobic fitness is an important component of physical fitness. When your muscles need oxygen, your aerobic (cardiovascular) system must be able to efficiently deliver it to them. When your body has waste products that need to be expelled (e.g. carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products), your heart-lung complex must be up to the task. These two tasks form the functional basis of aerobic fitness. Positive effects include increasing your level of available energy, aid in relieving depression, reduce the risk of heart disease, increase the good (HDL) cholesterol. Everyone needs to be able to efficiently take oxygen into their lungs and blood and pump it to their working muscles where it is utilized to oxidize carbohydrates and fats to produce energy. If you are concerned about your health, particularly the risk of heart disease, you need to accept the fact that aerobic training can have a critical effect on the quantity and quality of your life. Some negative effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system can include a possible heart attack or stroke. Some people can tend to push themselves to hard or they can start off working out by pushing their heart a little harder than it’s used to. It’s not a very good idea to go out and try to run a marathon if you’ve spent most of your life sedentary. I used to be one of those people until I found out in 2007 that I had Tachycardia (a heart rate that is too fast). I had to adjust my workouts to accommodate the situation to include slowing down my runs and taking longer rest intervals when lifting weights.

Theme Of Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

â€Å"The rose bush, by a strange chance, has been kept alive in history; but whether it had merely survived out of the stern old wilderness, so long after the fall of the gigantic pines and oaks that originally over-shadowed it, -or whether, as there is fair authority for believing, it had sprung up under the footsteps of the sainted Anne Hutchinson, as she entered the prison-door, -we shall not take upon us to determine.† In The Scarlet Letter, author, Nathaniel Hawthorne effectively sets the mood for this dismal novel. The ugliness and rust in the prison and cemetery seems like the last place for any kind of beauty to be. But the rosebush grows contrasting with the depressing backdrop offering a sort of sweetness to this tragic story. In this tale, practically every main character is faced with a dreadful sin or evilness, but within the malice, there is also a pleasant side to each character’s transgression, illustrating hypocrisy. Hester Prynne is introduced as a tall, beautiful woman condemned for committing a serious sin of adultery. During her most significant scene, the first time she must climb the scaffold as disapproving eyes gaze upon her, Hester is described as being extremely graceful and brave. Even though Hester is labeled with an awful accusation, underneath all the sin, lies a young woman in love with a man. Chillingworth, Hester’s husband, admits that their marriage displayed no kind of love, so it was only expected that Hester get involved with a man she actually cared for. She was in fact the victim among the other characters by being forced to marry Chillingworth without loving him and had to deal with Chillingworth’s selfishness, which permitted him to marry the young girl – knowing all along that she never loved him. And lastly, she is the victim of Chillingworth’s stupidity in leaving his wife alone in Massachusetts. Treated as an outcast for about seven years, Hester is finally considered to be free from the "A.† When the Puritan community realized that Hester was in fact not as corrupt as supposed, they decided that she could return as a regular citizen in their village. In addition there’s Pearl, the â€Å"demon’s offspring†. She is described as a â€Å"luxuriant beauty; a bright complexion, eyes possessing intensity both of depth and glow.† With Pearl’s breathtaking appearance, her personality is somewhat odd. Her mood alters frequently. She may be laughing uncontrollably one minute, and the next, in an angry rage.

Short Essays on Reading

Inquiry Question: Does an online bachelors degree have the same quality as a bachelors degree at a physical university/ college? I am considering a few different professionals when it comes to interviews. One person that interest me is Professor Leonard Albright. This is because he teaches a wide variety of classes, all of which are in education. The other person I cam interested in interviewing is Dan Robinson the director of the education department at CSU.He would be acceptable candidate because he deals with not only students within the department but branches out to other institutions of higher learning. I am also considering talking to a worker at the administration office. This is because they deal with not only incoming students from high school, but also graduate students seeking different types of education. I may also try to find a graduate of both a bachelors degree from an institution and a graduate from an online university. This is because they have first hand experien ces with the programs.The final person I am interested in interviewing is someone who works for an online education program. They have experience with their online programs, and can give a well detailed input to how their students earn a degree. This list of professionals are stakeholders because they are the ones dealing with higher education, and weather or not they can have enough eligible students that can take on the real word. To get in contact with these professionals I am going to send out emails of my inquiry question.I will also explain the project and why it is worth their time to answer a few question I have. Some of the online institutions also have numbers where you can reach their workers, professors, and directors. So i will be able to call them asking for an interview. Some of my questions will include the following: 1. How many classes/ and or credits does one need to complete to earn a bachelors degree at your institution? 2. Do you notice any positive or negative effects from any of the classes offered to your students? . Was there any outside factors that drove students to come to this institution? (money, family background ect.. ) 4. Do you believe that the education today in too challenging, just right, or too easy for todays graduates? 5. What credits can transfer equally to your university? (i. e online to an actual institution or an institution to online. ) 6. Do you recommend taking college credits online? 7. How many of your alumni with bachelors degrees have an income, or decently paying job in their degree?

The Importance Of The Declaration Of Independence - 911 Words

An excerpt from the â€Å"Speech at the Virginia Convention† orated by Patrick Henry encapsulates the 1770’s into a precise statement: â€Å"I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!†. These powerful words exemplify what one of the most important decades in human history revolved around. A struggle for freedom. While freedom can be defined in many differing ways, the colonists of the British Colonies and their elected delegates seeked to obtain economic freedom from their mother country. The months spent in a Philadelphia hall shaped this movement of liberty and the United States of America for centuries. The Second Continental Congress, while incredible in its accomplishments, did not do so without†¦show more content†¦Massachusetts delegate John Adams wrote in his autobiography the individuals that would form this document. â€Å"The Committee of Independence, were Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R. Livingston. Mr. Jefferson had been now about a Year a Member of Congress, but had attended his Duty in the House but a very small part of the time and when there had never spoken in public: and during the whole Time I satt with him in Congress, I never heard him utter three Sentences together†. John Adams, a proponent of this committee and of independence, is rightfully skeptical of Jefferson’s ability to complete the document, as shown in both the thoughts of Adams and in Peter Hunt’s 1776. This source directly corroborates the film, as these five men in the film are tasked with the duty of composing the declaration, and Adams is constantly pressuring Jefferson to complete the document while discrediting him at every turn. The conflict between the northern and southern delegates of the Second Continental Congress is a major point of focus in the film 1776. As the northern and southern colonies had tremendously different eco nomies and were affected by the British Parliament in different ways, it was only natural for the different delegates of Congress to hold separate positions based on their regions. This passage from the autobiography of Thomas Jefferson displays thatShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of The Declaration Of Independence856 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst. This new government would need to be implemented and a set of ethics would need to be created. This land I am talking about is now considered the United States of America and its foundation for its ethics is the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, is a document that the majority of American’s know about. It is taught to children as early as elementary school. I remember learning about its basics all the way back in second grade when myRead MoreThe Importance Of The Declaration Of Independence1147 Words   |  5 Pagesmore difficult. In the case of our nation, the United States declared their independence with a national document, ratifying the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776 and announcing the thirteen American colonies as sovereign states. The Declaration of Independence received wide-spread support as it asserted the people’s natural and legal rights. Perhaps the most profound and powerful sentence of the declaration deals with human rights and that America â€Å"holds these truths to be self-evidentRead MoreImportance Of The Declaration Of Independence707 Words   |  3 PagesThe Declaration of Independence was written in 1776 and i ts purpose was to declare America colonies be free and independent from Great Britain, get other colonists on board, and to encourage other nations to help them withdraw from the British. The first draft was of Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson and then edit by Franklin and Adams and on July 4 the Declaration had been officially adopted by Committee of Five. In the draft Thomas Jefferson was trying to break connectionsRead MorePrinciples Of John Locke And The Declaration Of Independence1021 Words   |  5 Pages Essay Question: RELATE the ideas of John Locke to the Declaration of Independence by DISCUSSING three main ideas in the Declaration of Independence and how each relates to the Natural Rights Philosophy. FCA 1: Clearly stated definition AND explanation of Natural Rights Philosophy. (35 points) FCA 2: Correct and consistent verb usage. (15 points) FCA 3: No unnecessary words and phrases; no repetition. (15 points) FCA 4: Concluding remarks that summarizes the focus of the essay and emphasizesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence969 Words   |  4 PagesThe US Constitution, The Declaration of Independence as well as the Letter to the Danbury Baptist are not just historical documents, but some of if not the most important documents of the history of our nation. Although, similar in many facets the intentions and the goal pursued by each highlight their individuality. The fact that the Declaration of Independence was the first to be implemented and signed is of significant importance as it set the pace and put in motion the proceeding documents thatRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson1420 Words   |  6 PagesMy initial thought of writing a paper for The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, was one of confusion and nervousness. I had no idea how I could write a paper on the documents structural elements and not focus on its histor y; however, once I did some research it became clear to me how I would write this paper. The Declaration of Independence is an influential document with argumentative writing techniques that appeal to the reader’s emotions. This document also contains persuasiveRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence1330 Words   |  6 Pagesparagraph of the most significant of all American historical documents, the Declaration of Independence. The very theory of natural rights dramatically influenced the conception of this starting paragraph. Natural rights is a political theory that strongly asserts that each individual who enters into any society possesses certain rights that no government can deny. The Declaration of Independence is a full and formal declaration adopted on July 4, 1776 by the representatives of the thirteen coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence From England880 Words   |  4 Pageseventually become the United States of America, signed the declaration of Independence from England. The declaration pretty much summarized the colonists’ motivation for seeking independence. The 13 colonies want to obtain their independence from England for many reasons. England establishing the Stamp Act was the first major American opposition to the British Policy that led Americans to realize that it was a time for change. By gaining their Independence, American colonists were finally able to confirm anRead MoreComparing The Declaration Of Independence926 Words   |  4 Pages 2 The US Constitution, The Declaration of Independence as well as the Letter to the Danbury Baptist are not just historical documents, but are some of if not the most important documents of the history of our nation. Although, similar in many facets the intentions and the goal pursued by each highlight their individuality. The fact that the Declaration of Independence was the first to be implemented and signed is of significant importance as it set the pace and put in motion the subsequentRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : What Shaped And Provided The Freedom The United States Of America1030 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The declaration of Independence is what shaped and provided the freedom the United States of America has today. The Declaration of Independence today is looked at a symbol for America to reflect on as it paved the way for most of the rights we have today. This document has been fundamental to american history longer than any other text because it was the first text to use â€Å"The United States of America† and in a sense the Declaration was the birth certificate of the American nation

Social Class And Gender Inequality - 972 Words

Equality has been and will always be a problem in our world. Not everyone can choose to have the job they want, do what they want or simply live the life they want. There is inequality in matters of race, sexual orientation, social class and gender. I know that both genders face some sort of gender inequality. While browsing through the internet, I saw four advertisements that depicted women in a sexist and discriminatory way. I chose to do my essay on these advertisements because I find them relatable. These ads are promoting UN Women, a United Nations entity working for the empowerment of women. All of the the ads are similar but also convey different messages. The first thing that the audience will see is the sad, empty look the women have. They seem lifeless and discontented. There is also a google search bar replacing the mouths of all women. At first, I thought the google searches were there just to show discrimination against women. I then read online that the search bar was used to represent silencing the women. The google searches correspond with the hidden message of silencing women. In each image, it is stated what women should or shouldn’t do. Its as if women should simply exist but should not make any decisions or have a say in their own lives. Sadly, the statements on the search bars are genuine google searches, highlighting popular opinions across the world wide web. Of course, the observer can easily recognize that the females come from differentShow MoreRelatedSocial Causes and Consequences of Inequalities Based on Race, Class, Gender, and Sexual Orientation2854 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Social Causes And Consequenc es Of Inequalities Based On Race, Class, Gender, And Sexual Orientation In spite of all the efforts made within United States to eradicate racial disparities, the media still broadcast discriminatory images and thoughts. Ethnic minorities are constantly being depicted as the culprits and the prime suspects in any crime. Muslim are always associated with fascism, Blacks are always associated with thugs, Mexicans are always depicted as illegal immigrants or drug cartelsRead MoreThe Realities of Social Inequalities1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of class stratification in relation to the average person within the US tends to be confused by the promises the United States advertises: a land of opportunity where if you work hard enough, you can achieve your dreams of wealth and prosperity, despite your background. It is reported that most Americans, 42 %, believe that they fall within the middle class (Gallup Poll, 2012). However according to a report released by the Pew Research, the middle class has experienced shrinking andRead MoreRacial Segregati on And The Educational Institution964 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals of every race, gender, and background experience while growing up. Since social class is determined in large part by education, the effects of education carry forward into the rest of each person’s life even after they’ve long left the institution itself (Roy, lecture 10). In his lecture on the institution, Professor Roy adds that education allows for a path to social mobility while also reproducing inequalities. This paradox can be seen in both race and gender – albeit in varying degreesRead MoreDivisions And Inequality In To Kill A Mockingbird1481 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, one of the major themes that author Harper Lee highlights are the divisions and inequality in society. The story is set in the 1930’s in Maycomb, Alabama when class, gender, and racial discrimination were highly prevalent. In this time Jim Crow laws were in effect. Jim Crow laws ma ndated the segregation between black and whites. Consequences of questioning Jim Crow laws were violent and people were rejected from society and their family. The 1930’s is also theRead MoreThe Marxist Feminism Theory And The Social System1176 Words   |  5 PagesHealth is a social construct system and health inequality is the result from social dysfunction. Health determinants are the combined factors that influence an individual or the community’s’ health such as the social environment, economic environment and the individual characteristics and behaviours (Germov, 2014). Firstly, the Marxist feminism will be discussed. This theory believes social structure shapes the group’s behaviours and perspectives. People who have a higher socioeconomic status haveRead MoreIn January 2013 a prominent national US newspaper quoted former Secretary of State, Condolezza800 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant inequality is in America. The social class that you are bor n into will influence your outlook on social class and will also be the social class you stay in (Loewen, 1995. 322). Your social class will determine the opportunities available for you including health, fitness, nutrition, education, SAT scores, medical resources and more (Loewen, 1995. 321-322). Loewen also proposes that the education system in America does not incorporate a proper analysis of our social class (Loewen, 1995Read MoreA Response on Social Inequality Essay683 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ A Response on Social Inequality We live in a culturally diverse world. Age, gender, sexual orientation, ethnic heritage and race are some of the diverse areas in society that are deemed significant. In spite of all these differences we tend to center ourselves around people who are similar to us; those who share the same biological and physical characteristics, same status and similar lifestyles. Because of this it is our human nature to be ethnocentric towards those who are different fromRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Stratification On Minorities1195 Words   |  5 Pageson minorities due to inequality†¨Introduction †¨During the course of this class I have learned about social problems within the society in which we live and around the world. It is disturbing to learn that poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization are among the social problems and controversial issues that still exist in the United State s. What is Social Stratification Social stratification is definedRead MoreSocial Inequalities Within New Zealand Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will be discussing the social inequalities within New Zealand. These inequalities can include unequal income, education and healthcare. Through extensive research of academic resources, I will be discussing how educational, family, social and political factors contribute to the development of these inequalities. I will also be providing a line graph that shows the unequal income between classes and a second line graph that demonstrates the difference in student success between high decileRead MoreThe Inequality Of Health Distribution1197 Words   |  5 Pagessee the pattern related to health inequality. They are many reports furnished by the sociologists after their research that proved the inequality on health distribution. Researchers have find that the health has been inequality distribution by groups including: social class, gender, and ethnicity. Many issues have served them to come on these conclusions included: infant deaths, morbidity, disability, mortality rates and life expectancy. In terms of social class They are many factors that contributed

Breast Feeding An Essential Way Of Expressing Love...

body is an essential way of expressing love towards it. Though, the intimacy of breast feeding it is easy for a mother is given her baby closeness, warmth and comfort; feeding that it derives nutrients for its soul through affection and security, as well as nutrients for its body. Breast feeding provides lose contact between mother and the child. Babies show how they like close body contact by their clear enjoyment of being carried, as they are in rural areas all over the world. Being carried fills their environment with the human warmth, movements and sounds that we beginning to understand are important both before and after birth. Other benefits–Breast feeding perfectly combines the three fundamentals of sound nutrition–food, health and care. A number of studies shown a strong link between the early initiations of breast feeding and reduces risk of post partum haemorrhage. Initiating breast feeding immediately following birth stimulates the contraction of the uterus and reduces blood loss. This obviously reduces maternal mortality and morbidity (Hanson, Lars et al, 1996). In recent years, research has also demonstrated that this immediate post partum benefits is by no means the only way in which breast feeding can improve women’s health. A recent large sample study in United States demonstrated that women who breast fed their children has a lower risk of breast cancer in the premenopausal period, and the longer they breast fed, lower the risk (Rasmussen, Kathleen M, etShow MoreRelatedThe Essay : The Benefits Of Breastfeeding3133 Words   |  13 Pagesthou beautiful damsel, may the four oceans Of the earth contribute the secretion of milk In thy breasts for the purpose for improving The bodily strength of the child O, thou with the beautiful face, may the child Reared on your milk, attain a long life, like The gods made immortal with drinks of nectar† --Sushruta, ancient Indian surgeon (translated) I: INTRODUCTION How a child is reared is critical towards shaping them as a person for the rest of their life. This starts at a very early age, in factRead MoreHesi Practice31088 Words   |  125 Pageswith unrestricted activities. B. a bowel-cleansing procedure will precede radioactive implantation. C. she ll be expected to use a bedpan for urination. D. the preferred positioning in bed will be semi-Fowler s. 14. Before administering a tube feeding to a toddler, which of the following methods should the nurse use to check the placement of a nasogastric (NG) tube? A. Abdominal X-rays. B. Injection of a small amount of air while listening with a stethoscope over the abdominal area. C. A checkRead More023 Understand Child and Young Person development6353 Words   |  26 Pagesto fade; toward the end of the third month babies start lifting and turning their heads. 3-6 months When lying on front babies can lift their arms and legs balancing on their tummies; they can reach and grab a toy and they can pass it from one hand to another; they can also roll from their backs to front; around sixth month babies are becoming able to sit with support (e.g. high chair). 6-9 months Babies can sit without support; they are beginning to crawl or find other ways of beingRead MoreUnderstand Person-Centred Approaches in Adult Social Care Settings12139 Words   |  49 Pagesin-depth understanding of the individual’s life circumstances and preferences, combined with up-to-date evidence-based knowledge about individualised medical and social condition and treatment. 1.2. Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person-centred values Characterises a person-centred care: †¢ Has its focus on the person with an illness and not the disease in the person. †¢ Has the person’s own experiences as its point of departure. †¢ Strives to understand behavioursRead More50 Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods14312 Words   |  58 Pagesof GMOs actually can potentially far outweigh that of chemical pollution. This is because chemistry deals mostly with things altered by fire (and then no longer alive, isolated in laboratories - and not infecting living terrains in self-reproducible ways). Thus a farmer may use a chemical for many decades, and then let the land lie fallow to convert it back to organic farming. This is because the chemicals tend to break down into natural substances over time, Genetic pollution, however, can alter theRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesi Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson. Draft of Edition II Editor’s note: The Echeruo (1997) and Igwe (1999) Igbo dictionaries Since the preparation of the manuscript, two other dictionaries of Igbo have appeared. Since these differ in important ways from the present document, the following notes are to assist the reader. Michael J. Echeruo 1997. Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1. Includes an English-Igbo finderlist 2. Aims to be comprehensive (the Igbo-EnglishRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSubject Index 709 Combined Index 713 iii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xvii INTRODUCTION 1 3 THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT SKILLS The Importance of Competent Managers 6 The Skills of Effective Managers 7 Essential Management Skills 8 What Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and IndividualRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesand transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) NoRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagescommunications 12.14 Distribution strategies and the distribution plan 12.15 Channel management 12.16 The ‘soft’ elements of the marketing mix CONTENTS ix 12.17 Integrating the elements of the marketing mix 12.18 Summary Stage Four: Which way is best? Strategic evaluation 13 Criteria of choice 13.1 Learning objectives 13.2 Introduction 13.3 Financial versus non-financial criteria; effectiveness versus efficiency 13.4 Financial criteria 13.5 Non-financial criteria 13.6 Multiple criteria 13

Brief Literature Review Free Essays

Pelvic examination is an important component of the primary care of women especially by internists. This study conducted an internist-run education program that consisted of 4 weekly patient-care sessions with 2-3 patients under a resident internist. They supervised each pelvic examination and gave real-time feedback and used a skills-assessment checklist during the first and last exam of the program to yield a comprehensive and formative feedback. We will write a custom essay sample on Brief Literature Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Number of questions used in the questionnaire was not distinctively discussed, though it was stated the questionnaire was administered twice, first prior to the program, then the second questionnaire was administered after 3 months. With regards to the questionnaire, a 5-point Likert Scale was used in this study to asses results. Based from the results, the patient’s self-assessed competencies have improved and it may help increase the likelihood of residents performing pelvic examination in primary care. (Goldstein C. E. , 2005) The second study evaluated the effects of an in-service program on the perceptions, knowledge and concerns of nursing faculty members about students with disability. 112 faculty members were trained in 8 nursing programs. The number of questions utilized in the study was not specifically stated, though it a definite Likert Scale of 6-point was used. The areas aspects which the Likert Scale dealt with were legal issues, classroom strategies, clinical teaching strategies and accommodations Likert Scale was administered to the faculty members to rate their awareness of whether people with disabilities could succeed as nursing students or professionals. The results of the questionnaire were reported in terms of an average value or the mean ratings, which was defined or found out to be approximately 4. From this result, it was concluded that there was a big significance on the faculty members’ perception before and after the training. The results of this study suggest that faculty members’ perceptions, knowledge and concern can be positively affected through training. (Sowers J. A. , 2004) The third study utilized a modified Course Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) to assess the teaching of medical communication skills. First year college students completed a CEQ that would be potentially useful in evaluating innovative programmes and securing support for their development. In this study, a course experience questionnaire (CEQ30) having 30 questions was used, which was an innovation of the course experience questionnaire (CEQ25) (Broomfield Bligh, 1998) having 25 questions only. In this questionnaire, five items were devoted specifically to on medical communication skills teaching. The questionnaire which was administered used a Likert Scale of 5-points. The developed questionnaire was employed to test whether it’s applicable or not in evaluating the medical communication skills teaching Measures: In 1997 to 1998. Results were reported using average values, stating the number of principal components factor analysis of responses equal to 165. From the results, it was found out that the CEQ30 was a reliable instrument to evaluate a course design. (Steele G. , 2003) The fourth study is about the perceived efficiency of teaching methods used for health services management education. The study was conducted to bring into consideration the challenges of establishing an experimental link between teaching methods and the outcome of education in a classroom. Program directors from the AUPHA graduate programs were surveyed in 1998 regarding the supposed success of a wide range of teaching methods employed. No definite number of questions or items in the questionnaire was mentioned, and it the Likert Scale used was not specifically mentioned, only that its range varies from very effective to not very effective. The results were not reported quantitatively, but rather qualitatively, whereas the highest and the lowest ranked teaching method was elaborated. Based from the results, the authors they suggested a research agenda for measuring the education outcomes in a classroom. (Hilberman D. W. , 2000) The fifth study is about the participation in continuing nursing education programs by staff development specialists. Staff development specialists were surveyed regarding their reasons for their participation in continuing nursing education programs. Hospital-based staff development specialists from the American Hospital Association member facilities responded to the Participation Reasons Scale (PRS). No definite number of questions was mentioned in the study, though it was mentioned that a Likert Scale with a rating of 1 to 7 was used. The Likert Scale was used to determine if it was effective or not, where results were presented in terms of mean scores. It was found out that the average scores of the Hospital-based staff development specialists in the Likert Scale was 3. 52 to 6. 40. Results were also reported that there were significant differences in the responses. Furthermore, the results showed a statistically significant difference in the responses of certified and noncertified staff development specialists. It was stated that the result scans help continuing education professionals make decisions and programming, though further studies were still recommended. (Aucoin, J. W. , 1998) The last study investigated whether physiotheraphy students’ attitudes towards physiotheraphy changes during training in what way. Literature and studies on this topic is limited and there is controversy about the process of professional socialisation and attitude changes that occur during the training in health care professions. In the study, no exact number of questions used in the questionnaire was stated. Though in it was mentioned that there were 52 respondents, wherein a Likert Scale, of no definite scale mentioned, was used. The results were presented using frequencies of respondents on a particular aspect or subject which the questions tackled. The result showed no significant difference in the attitudes of the first, second and third year students. This study provides useful information which could be used to help in the selection of students and in the planning of the future courses. Also, recommendations for further studies are made. (Wadsworth, S. J. , 1991) References Goldstein C. E. , H. I. , Foldes C. , et al. . (2005). Internists training medical residents in pelvic examination: impact of an educational program. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services: http://www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm Hilberman D. W. , D. P. L. , Andersen R. M. , et al. . (2000). Perceived effectiveness of teaching methods for heath services administration education. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services: http://www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm J. W. , A. (1998). Participation in continuing nursing education programs by staff development specialists. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services http://www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm S. J. , W. (1991). A study to show changes in physiotherapy students’ attitude to physiotherapy during training Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge School of Physiotherapy. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services: http://www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm Sowers J. A. , S. M. R. (2004). Evaluation of the effects of an inservice training program on nursing faculty members’ perceptions, knowledge, and concerns about students with disabilities. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services: http://www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm Steele G. , W. S. , Simeon D. . (2003). Using a modified course experience questionnaire (CEQ) to evaluate the innovative teaching of medical communication skills. (Publication. Retrieved August 22, 2007, from The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Library and Information Services: http://www. csp. org. uk/director/libraryandpublications/libraryandinformationservices. cfm How to cite Brief Literature Review, Essays